Makedonya’dan ABD seçimlerini etkilemek mümkün mü?
Demokrasi tarihi boyunca ülkelerin, seçimleri farklı yollarla etkilemeye çalıştığını biliyoruz. Dertleri, seçimleri etkilemek olmasa da bu yolda büyük ve önemli adımlar atan bir grup lise öğrencisinin hikayesini okumaya hazır olun.
Mütevazı bir Balkan ülkesi olan Makedonya’nın küçük bir şehrinde üretilen uydurma ve çarpıtılmış içeriklerin -haber olarak sunuluyor-seçimin kaderini değiştirdi mi bilmiyoruz ancak bu içerikleri üretenlerin kaderini değiştirdiği kesin.
17. yüzyılın ortalarından 18. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar Osmanlı devlet yönetiminde etkili olan yöneticilerin memleketi olarak bildiğimiz Köprülü -yeni adıyla Veles – 2016 ABD Seçimleri’nden sonra adını duyurdu. Bu küçük şehirdeki gençler, ‘internetin nimetlerini’ keşfetti.
2016 ABD Başkanlık Seçimleri süresince uydurma içerik ve dezenformasyon yaydığı tespit edilen onlarca web sitesinin izi Makedonya’nın Veles kentinde birleşiyor. Adaylardan Hillary Clinton’la ilgili olumsuz, Donald Trump’la ilgili olumlu içeriklerin oluşturulduğu web sitelerinin, seçmenleri ne kadar etkilediğini bilemesek de bu sürecin nasıl işlediğini biliyoruz.
Uydurma içerik döngüsü nasıl ilerledi?
Konu aslında oldukça basit. Makedon gençlerin motivasyonu ideolojik propaganda yapmak değil, sadece para kazanmaktı. Uydurma veya çarpıtılmış içerikler oluşturarak ebeveynlerinden çok daha fazla para kazanabildiklerini keşfeden gençler, bu motivasyonla içerik oluşturmak için kısa süre sonra okula bile gitmez oldular. Hazırladıkları uydurma içerikler, politik olarak Trump’a yakın olanlar tarafından paylaşılmaya ve bu içeriklerin servis edildiği sayfalar takip edilmeye başlandı. Sayfaların takipçi sayıları arttıkça içeriklerin paylaşılma oranları, tıklanma sayıları ve sayfa hacimleri de arttı.
Tahmin edin, başka ne arttı? Elbette dijital reklam gelirleri. Gerek Facebook üzerinde gerek web sitesinde tüketilen içerikler, Trump taraftarları tarafından paylaşıldıkça diğer seçmenlere de ulaştı. Reuters Enstitüsü’nün Dijital Haber Raporu 2018’de de tespit edildiği üzere, insanlar, tanıdığı insanların dijital mecralarda paylaştığı içeriklerin doğru olduğunu varsayıyor; tıklıyor, paylaşıyor. Böylelikle Facebook, Google AdSense, AppNexus gibi reklam platformlarından gelir elde edilebiliyor. Makedonya’da bir kişinin aylık gelirinin ortalama 371 doları olduğu düşünülürse, uydurma içerikler üreterek birkaç ayda on binlerce dolar kazanmanın yaratacağı etkiyi bir düşünün.
Teknoloji şirketleri bu konuda ne yapıyor?
2016’daki en sansasyonel seçim tartışmalarından biri olan uydurma ve çarpıtılmış içerik meselesinden sonra Facebook ve Google bu konuda daha dikkatli olmak adımlar atmaya başladı. Örneğin Facebook, gerçeklik doğrulama örgütleriyle işbirliğini geliştirdi. Bunun dışında, sahte olduğunu tespit ettiği hesapları 24 saat içinde kapatsa da uydurma haber yayıcı gençler kısa vadeli çözümler üretmiş. Örneğin, gerçek profil sahibi çocuklardan, hesaplarını birkaç Euro karşılığı alarak bu hesapları ABD’li birine aitmiş gibi tekrar dizayn ederek dezenformasyon yayma aracı olarak kullanıyorlar. Şüpheli içeriklerin mecra üzerinden dağılmasını engellemek için algoritmalar geliştirmeye devam etse de, yanlış bilgi yayılımı konusunda henüz tatmin edici bir yol kat edilebilmiş değil. Google da benzer şekilde, bu tip sitelerin hem AdSense tarafında reklam gelirlerini engelleme hem de arama motoru tarafında şüpheli veya uydurma içeriklerin belirlenmesi konusunda çaba sarf etse de alınacak çok yol var.
Meraklısı, bu konuya dair ilk haberi Guardian’dan okuyabilir.
I am sure this post has touched all the internet people, its really really pleasant paragraph on building up new weblog.
Good day! This is my first visit to your blog! We are a group of volunteers and starting a new initiative in a community in the same niche.
Your blog provided us beneficial information to work on. You have
done a wonderful job!
This is a grеаt method tо соmе оut in frоnt even whеn уоu hаvе рiсkеd mоrе losers thаn winners.
Fabulous, what a website it is! This blog provides helpful information to us, keep it up.
You can definitely see your enthusiasm within the work you write.
The arena hopes for even more passionate writers such as you who
aren’t afraid to say how they believe. At all times follow your heart.
You can certainly see your skills within the article you write.
The sector hopes for more passionate writers like you who are not afraid to mention how they believe.
Always go after your heart.
For hottest information you have to visit world-wide-web and
on world-wide-web I found this web page as a finest website for newest
updates.
Appreciating the dedication you put into your blog and detailed information you provide.
It’s great to come across a blog every once
in a while that isn’t the same unwanted rehashed information. Fantastic read!
I’ve saved your site and I’m adding your RSS feeds to my Google account.
For comparison, this blog also has a page
rank of 3, which it has had for years. Now, three years
later, I am not interested in trying to convince people
to come to Bonanza. My strategy has changed in the last three years.
I have sold 2,899 items on Bonanza in the last three years.
2. Cut three long pieces of white embroidery thread – one for each strand of the
mobile. I compiled my transactions per month over the last three years on Bonanza.
She has been criticized by many for her misleading statements during the later
years of her life. Harriet Adams began running the company,
and later, she began writing the Nancy Drew books.
Once I changed my approach, I began to gain more followers rapidly
and without having to beg people to follow me. For the majority of
organisations, people work in departments. This is
how stealth, tactical combat and horror games work. After much consideration we have
voted in favour of creating a more streamlined Frictional Games experience.
Things have been a bit quiet on my blog this
summer, but I’ve been busy behind the scenes planning lots of fun new stuff that I
can’t wait to share with you guys.
Link exchange is nothing else but it is just placing the other person’s weblog link on your page
at proper place and other person will also do similar for you.
Thanks for sharing your thoughts on website. Regards
Thank you for the good writeup. It in fact was a amusement account it.
Look advanced to far added agreeable from you!
By the way, how could we communicate?
I pay a quick visit everyday some sites and information sites
to read articles or reviews, however this weblog offers feature based articles.
Appreciate the recommendation. Let me try it out.
Simply wish to say your article is as amazing. The clarity in your post
is just excellent and i can assume you are an expert on this subject.
Well with your permission let me to grab your feed to keep up to date
with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please
continue the enjoyable work.
Howdy I am so thrilled I found your web site, I really found you by error, while I
was looking on Digg for something else, Anyhow I am here now and would just
like to say many thanks for a remarkable post and a all round exciting blog (I also love the theme/design), I
don’t have time to look over it all at the moment but I have bookmarked
it and also included your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read much more, Please
do keep up the superb job.
What a material of un-ambiguity and preserveness of valuable experience
about unexpected emotions.
Very rapidly this web page will be famous amid all blogging and site-building people, due
to it’s good posts
whoah this weblog is magnificent i love reading your articles.
Keep up the great work! You recognize, a lot of individuals are searching round for this info, you could
help them greatly.
Hello There. I found your weblog the usage of msn. This is a really smartly written article.
I will make sure to bookmark it and return to learn extra of your helpful info.
Thank you for the post. I will certainly return.
Its like you learn my thoughts! You seem to understand a lot approximately this, like you wrote the guide in it or something.
I think that you just could do with some percent to force
the message home a bit, but other than that, this is magnificent
blog. An excellent read. I will certainly be back.
I’m not sure exactly why but this weblog is loading extremely slow
for me. Is anyone else having this problem or is it a problem on my end?
I’ll check back later and see if the problem still exists.
I am curious to find out what blog platform you are utilizing?
I’m experiencing some small security issues with my latest website and I’d
like to find something more safeguarded.
Do you have any suggestions?
Hi to every one, since I am really keen of reading this webpage’s post to be updated regularly.
It consists of good material.
Wonderful work! This is the type of info that are supposed to be shared around the internet.
Shame on Google for now not positioning this publish higher!
Come on over and seek advice from my website .
Thanks =)
It’s truly very complicated in this active
life to listen news on TV, so I simply use the web for that purpose, and take the latest information.
I loved as much as you will receive carried out right here.
The sketch is attractive, your authored material stylish.
nonetheless, you command get bought an shakiness over that you wish
be delivering the following. unwell unquestionably come further formerly again since exactly the same nearly a lot often inside case you
shield this increase.
Paragraph writing is also a fun, if you be acquainted with then you can write if not it is difficult to write.
I don’t know if it’s just me or if perhaps everybody else encountering issues with your website.
It seems like some of the text in your posts are running off
the screen. Can someone else please provide feedback and let
me know if this is happening to them as well? This may be a
issue with my internet browser because I’ve had
this happen previously. Many thanks
Wow, amazing blog layout! How long have you been blogging for?
you made blogging look easy. The overall look of your web site is excellent, let alone the content!
We’re a group of volunteers and starting a new scheme in our community.
Your site provided us with valuable info to work on. You have performed a formidable activity
and our entire group can be thankful to you.
Does your site have a contact page? I’m having trouble
locating it but, I’d like to send you an e-mail. I’ve got some
creative ideas for your blog you might be interested in hearing.
Either way, great website and I look forward to seeing it grow over time.
WOW just what I was looking for. Came here by
searching for idnpoker
Greetings! Very useful advice within this post! It is the little
changes that make the greatest changes. Many thanks for sharing!
I love your blog.. very nice colors & theme. Did you design this website yourself or did
you hire someone to do it for you? Plz answer back as I’m looking
to design my own blog and would like to know where u got this from.
thanks a lot
Pretty nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I have really enjoyed browsing
your blog posts. After all I’ll be subscribing to your feed and I hope you write
again soon!
Thanks a bunch for sharing this with all people you really understand what you are speaking
about! Bookmarked. Please also talk over with my site =).
We will have a hyperlink exchange contract among us
I simply could not depart your website before suggesting that I really loved the usual info
an individual provide on your visitors? Is going to be again continuously
to inspect new posts
Thanks for sharing your thoughts about website.
Regards
Admiring the commitment you put into your site and in depth
information you offer. It’s nice to come across a blog every once in a while that isn’t the same old rehashed material.
Excellent read! I’ve saved your site and I’m adding your RSS feeds to my Google account.
Spot on with this write-up, I honestly think this website needs much more attention.
I’ll probably be returning to read more, thanks for the info!
I’m really enjoying the theme/design of your website.
Do you ever run into any browser compatibility issues?
A handful of my blog audience have complained about
my site not operating correctly in Explorer but looks great in Safari.
Do you have any recommendations to help fix this problem?
Touche. Solid arguments. Keep up the good work.
Given that this is a moneyline bet, these odds represent the implied probability each and every group has to win the game.
Keep this going please, great job!
This is my first time go to see at here and i am actually pleassant to read all at alone place.
Losers grieved and berated the dealers, whilst winners
gloated and tossed them fat ideas.